How did the geography of the Mediterranean impact ancient civilizations?

The geography of the Mediterranean had a profound influence on the development of ancient civilizations, primarily by providing fertile land and facilitating trade routes. The coastal areas of the Mediterranean, with their mild climate and abundant rainfall, supported agriculture, enabling societies to grow surplus crops. This agricultural productivity was pivotal for the growth of cities and the establishment of complex societies.

Additionally, the Mediterranean Sea itself acted as a natural highway, connecting various civilizations. This accessibility allowed for the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures among different peoples, fostering trade and interaction which were essential for economic and cultural development. Civilizations such as the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans thrived on this interconnectedness, forming networks that expanded their influence across the region. Through these fertile lands and trade routes, the Mediterranean geography played a central role in shaping the dynamics of ancient civilizations.