What was the primary language of the Roman Empire?

The primary language of the Roman Empire was Latin. This language served as the official language of government, law, and military administration throughout the empire. It was also the language of literature and education, influencing many aspects of Roman culture and society. As the empire expanded across Europe and into parts of Africa and Asia, Latin became the lingua franca that facilitated communication among diverse populations.

Although Greek was widely used, especially in the eastern provinces and by the educated elite, Latin was the foundational language of Rome and its institutions. Latin ultimately evolved into the Romance languages we see today, such as French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese. In this context, while Greek played an important role in the Roman Empire, particularly in areas of philosophy and science, Latin was the primary language that united the empire under a common governmental and legal framework.